Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. Sulla 5 (L. Cornelius Sulla Felix) - Roman dictator, 82-79 B.C. Pompey, the son of Pompey Strabo, raised a legion from his clients in Picenum and also joined Sulla; Sulla treated him with great respect and addressed him as imperator before dispatching him to raise more troops. [37], Starting in 104BC, Marius moved to reform the defeated Roman armies in southern Gaul. Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. 106/10 The quaestor L.Sulla arrives at Marius' camp with reinforcements from The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young. [44], His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo (possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the ludi Apollinares. Sulla, in southern Italy, operated largely defensively on Lucius Julius Caesar's flank while the consul conducted offensive campaigning. The breakdown allowed Sulla to play the aggrieved party and place blame on his enemies for any further bloodshed. A gifted and innovative general, he achieved numerous successes in wars against foreign and domestic opponents. At the same time, the younger Marius sent word to assemble the Senate and purge it of suspected Sullan sympathisers: the urban praetor Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus then had four prominent men killed at the ensuing meeting. Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. [48] The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. Sulla played an important role in the long political struggle between the optimates and populares factions at Rome. In 46 BC Julius Caesar appointed him governor of the province of Africa. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. Sulla can be seen as setting the precedent for Julius Caesar's dictatorship, and for the eventual end of the Republic under Augustus. Taking Action: Benefits for students that extend beyond the classroom. Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to the truth of what actually happened during an historical event or time period. [72] Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs so it continued to resist him". The constitutional reforms of Sulla were a series of laws enacted by the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla between 82 and 80 BC, reforming the Constitution of the Roman Republic in a revolutionary way.. [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po. [121], Fighting in 83BC began with reverses for Sulla's opponents: their governors in Africa and Sardinia were deposed. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. Primary sources are the evidence of history, original records or objects created by participants or observers at the time historical . Student Engagement: Primary source materials "help spark students . This brief guide is designed to help students and researchers find and evaluate primary sources available online. For instance, Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is a primary source because it is the most famous art piece during the Renaissance period. Revised on November 11, 2022. The interest rates were also to be agreed between both parties at the time that the loan was made, and should stand for the whole term of the debt, without further increase. He dismissed his lictores and walked unguarded in the Forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen. Scipio's men quickly abandoned him for Sulla; finding him almost alone in his camp, Sulla tried again to persuade Scipio to defect. [91], During close of the Social War, in 89BC, Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus invaded Roman Asia. The hundreds of thousands of men who enlisted . He might have been disinherited, though it was "more likely" that his father simply had nothing to bequeath. Eyeglasses from Colonial America would be a primary source about Early American History. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (l. 138 - 78 BCE) enacted his constitutional reforms (81 BCE) as dictator to strengthen the Roman Senate's power. At the meeting, he took the seat between the Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, and Ariobarzanes, seeking to gain psychological advantage over the Partian envoy by portraying the Parthians and the Cappadocians as equals with Rome as superior. Books. [33] Winning Bocchus' friendship and making plain Rome's demands for Jugurtha's deliverance, Sulla successfully concluded negotiations and secured Bocchus' capture of Jugurtha and the king's rendition to Marius' camp. Gill. [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. The Romans neutralised a Pontic charge of scythed chariots before pushing the Pontic phalanx back across the plain. [55] The Cimbric war also revived Italian solidarity, aided by Roman extension of corruption laws to allow allies to lodge extortion claims. This, of course, meant that many cases were never heard at all, as poorer clients did not have the money for the sponsio. After another attempt to relieve Praeneste failed, Carbo lost his nerve and attempted to retreat to Africa; his lieutenants attempted again to relieve Praeneste but after that again failed, marched on Rome to force Sulla from his well-defended positions. If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. [citation needed]. Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. To make primary texts readily available for classroom use, they selected important . A research article or study proving this would be a primary source. This, of course, made him very popular with the poorer citizens. With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. It was not until he was in his very late forties and almost past the age . He could acknowledge the law as valid. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. Ariobarzanes had been driven out by Mithridates VI of Pontus, who wanted to install one of his own sons (Ariarathes) on the Cappadocian throne. Source: Ammianus Marcellinus, History, XIV.16: "The Luxury of the Rich in Rome," c. 400 A.D. To do so would mean total humiliation at the hands of his opponents, the end of his political career, and perhaps even further danger to his life. He used his powers to purge his opponents, and reform Roman constitutional laws, to restore the primacy of the Senate and limit the power of the tribunes of the plebs. Sulla raised important cavalry forces for Marius and was responsible for the . Primary sources are most often produced around the time of the events you are studying. Roman military leaders. In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . [139][140], Sulla's goal now was to write his memoirs, which he finished in 78 BC, just before his death. Some set their hearts on houses, some on landsThe whole period was one of debauched tastes and lawlessness. "[132] The majority of the proscribed had not been enemies of Sulla, but instead were killed for their property, which was confiscated and auctioned off. [41] After the failure of negotiations, the Romans and Cimbri engaged in the Battle of the Raudian Field in which the Cimbri were routed and destroyed. He was both eloquent and clever, and he made friends easily. Jugurtha had fled to his father-in-law, King Bocchus I of Mauretania (a nearby kingdom); Marius invaded Mauretania, and after a pitched battle in which both Sulla and Marius played important roles in securing victory, Bocchus felt forced by Roman arms to betray Jugurtha. They were, however, successful in holding Macedonia, then governed by propraetor Gaius Sentius and his legate Quintus Bruttius Sura. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition Paperback - September 30, 2013 by Augustus Henry Beesly (Author) 3.4 out of 5 stars 4 ratings [25] After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed (Bestia and Spurius), and one (Aulus Postumius Albinus) was defeated. Introduction. [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. [16] His father may have served as praetor, but details are unclear; his father married twice and Sulla' stepmother was of considerable wealth, which certainly helped the young Sulla's ambitions. Finally, in a demonstration of his absolute power, Sulla expanded the Pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome, unchanged since the time of the kings. [122] Marius, buttressed by Samnite support, fought a long and hard battle with Sulla at Sacriportus that resulted in defeat when five of his cohorts defected. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. [56] When the pro-Italian plebeian tribune Marcus Livius Drusus was assassinated in 91BC while trying again to pass a bill extending Roman citizenship, the Italians revolted. Even those whom Sulla had quarrelled with (including Publius Cornelius Cethegus, whom Sulla had outlawed in 88 BC) defected to join his side. Yes, if the painting originated at the time it depicts, then it is a primary source. The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. The proscriptions are widely perceived as a response to similar killings that Marius and Cinna had implemented while they controlled the Republic during Sulla's absence. "[147] Plutarch claims he had seen Sulla's personal motto carved on his tomb on the Campus Martius. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . Tools for primary source analysis. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. Turning south, he engaged the Pontic army allegedly 90,000[101] on the plain of Orchomenus. [43] Refusing to stand for an aedileship (which, due to its involvement in hosting public games, was extremely expensive), Sulla became a candidate for the praetorship in 99BC. Click the title for location and availability information. Despite initial difficulties, Sulla was successful with minimal resources and preparation; with few Roman troops, he hastily levied allied soldiers and advanced quickly into rugged terrain before routing superior enemy forces. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori deve essere convocata dal datore di lavoro e devono partecipare almeno il rappresentante dei lavoratori per la sicurezza (RLS) e il medico competente. [115] Sulla, buoyed by his previous looting in Asia, was able to advance quickly and largely without the ransacking of the Italian countryside. This distinction is important because it will affect how you understand these sources. The collection currently contains . Textbook passages discussing specific concepts, events, and experiments. The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) the execution of Granius, shortly before his own death). Essentially, they're sources about primary sources. [31] Ultimately, the Numidians were defeated in 106BC, due in large part to Sulla's initiative in capturing the Numidian king. Sulla also codified, and thus established definitively, the cursus honorum, which required an individual to reach a certain age and level of experience before running for any particular office. [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. [2023] Welcome to The Internet History Sourcebooks Project, a collection of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use. Secondary sources, on the other hand, are made . [53], Relations between Rome and its allies (the socii), had deteriorated over the years up to 91BC. His family was patrician, part of the ruling class in ancient Rome. The circumstances of his relative poverty as a young man left him removed from his patrician brethren, enabling him to consort with revelers and experience the baser side of human nature. [35], In 104BC, the Cimbri and the Teutones, two Germanic tribes who had bested the Roman legions on several occasions, seemed to again be heading for Italy. According only to Appian, he then brought legislation to strengthen the Senate's position in the state and weaken the plebeian tribunes by eliminating the comitia tributa as a legislative body and requiring that tribunes first receive senatorial approval for legislation;[80] some scholars, however, reject Appian's account as mere retrojection of legislation passed during Sulla's dictatorship. After one of the other legates was killed by his men, Sulla refused to discipline them except by issuing a proclamation imploring them to show more courage against the enemy. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, and art objects. A primary source is an original object or document -- the raw material or first-hand information. [152], Sulla was red-blond[154] and blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. He left one of his allies, Quintus Lucretius Afella to maintain the siege at Praeneste and moved for Rome. Sulla was born in a very turbulent era of Rome's history, which has often been described as the beginning of the fall of the Roman Republic.The political climate was marked by civil discord and rampant political violence where voting in the Assembly was . [145], His public funeral in Rome (in the Forum, in the presence of the whole city) was on a scale unmatched until that of Augustus in AD 14. Guide to primary sources; Ask for help; CSU Pueblo University Library Email Me. Lucius other name: Sulla Details individual; military/naval; official; Roman; Male. However, despite this portrayal, particularly from Plutarch's accounts, it is difficult to determine just how culpable Marius and Sulla were for the chaos that engulfed the Roman Republic However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. [119][120] The remainder of 83BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of Hispania Citerior; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87BC. Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the Battle of the Colline Gate on the afternoon of 1 November 82BC. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (/ s l /; 138-78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship.A gifted and innovative general, he achieved . [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. Continuing towards Scipio's position at Teanum Sidicinum, Sulla negotiated and was almost able to convince Scipio to defect. These two reforms were enacted primarily to allow Sulla to increase the size of the Senate from 300 to 600 senators. He's remembered best for bringing his soldiers into Rome, the killing of Roman citizens, and his military skill in several areas. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. He never allowed his debaucheries to interfere with his duties but he devoted all his leisure time to them. Primary sources are available here primarily for use in high-school and university/college courses. be determined. Primary Source 10. [110], After peace was reached, Sulla advanced on Fimbria's forces, which deserted their upstart commander. Learning in Black and White. Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. His colleague was, 79 BC: Retires from political life, refusing the, 78 BC: Dies, perhaps of an intestinal ulcer, with funeral held in Rome, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 11:05. Primary Sources Sallust. Throughout the research process, you'll likely use various types of sources. Find these with these special Subject terms. [86] He then left Italy with his troops without delay, ignoring legal summons and taking over command from a legate in Macedonia. Sulla, who opposed the Gracchian popularis reforms, was an optimate; though his coming to the side of the traditional Senate originally could be described as atavistic when dealing with the tribunate and legislative bodies, while more visionary when reforming the court system, governorships, and membership of the Senate. In this first video of a 2-part tutorial, we will discuss primary sources. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. [47], Sulla's campaign in Cappadocia had led him to the banks of the Euphrates, where he was approached by an embassy from the Parthian Empire. [59] Sulla attempted also to assist Lucius' relief of the city of Aesernia, which was under siege, but both men were unsuccessful. With military and diplomatic victory, his political fortunes seemed positive. Also, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Nero's cousin, was exiled as a potential rival in 58. [17], One story, "as false as it is charming", relates that when Sulla was a baby, his nurse was carrying him around the streets, until a strange woman walked up to her and said, "Puer tibi et reipublicae tuae felix", which can be translated as, "The boy will be a source of luck to you and your state". Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. Primary sources are first-hand evidence related to the time or event you are investigating.This includes accounts by participants or observers and a wide range of written, physical, audio or visual materials created at the time or later by someone with direct experience.. 82 BC. In 89BC, one of the tribunes of the plebs passed the lex Plautia Papiria, which granted citizenship to all of the allies (with exception for the Samnites and Lucanians still under arms). By the end of the war, the SSA had conscripted over 2.8 million American men. Possibly to protect himself from future political retribution, Sulla had the sons and grandsons of the proscribed banned from running for political office, a restriction not removed for over 30 years. was a major figure in the late Roman Republic. In the sciences and social sciences, primary sources or 'primary research' are original research experiments, studies, or . Sulla had his enemies declared hostes, probably from outside the pomerium, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the ongoing war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. However, his candidature was dealt a blow when he was brought up on charges of extorting Ariobarzanes. [76] Without troops defending Rome itself, Sulla entered the city; once there, however, his men were pelted with stones from the rooftops by common people. [136] Sulla's reforms both looked to the past (often repassing former laws) and regulated for the future, particularly in his redefinition of maiestas (treason) laws and in his reform of the Senate. [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. Cinna violently quarrelled with his co-consul, Gnaeus Octavius. [17] After his father's death, around the time Sulla reached adulthood, Sulla found himself impoverished. Primary sources are "first-hand" information, sources as close as possible to the origin of the information or idea under study. But it was from 59, Nero's fifth year as emperor that things started to go seriously . to the Birth of the Roman Empire (1969). [24] Keaveney 2005, pp. Years later, in 91BC, Bocchus paid for the erection of gilded equestrian statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. For list of offices and years, unless otherwise indicated, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeaveney2006 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeager1994 (, Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the social war". "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. [131] The purge went on for several months. He brought Pompeii under siege. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of [its] glorious past" but the city was sacked. [130], In total control of the city and its affairs, Sulla instituted a series of proscriptions (a program of executing and confiscating the property of those whom he perceived as enemies of the state). Sulla then prohibited ex-tribunes from ever holding any other office, so ambitious individuals would no longer seek election to the tribunate, since such an election would end their political career. The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in early summer around the same time the Athenian acropolis was taken. 101 BC: Took part in the defeat of the Cimbri at the, 90-89 BC: Senior officer in the Social War, as, Holds the consulship for the first time, with, 87 BC: Commands Roman armies to fight King, 85 BC: Liberates the provinces of Macedonia, Asia, and Cilicia from Pontic occupation, 83 BC: Returns to Italy and undertakes civil war against the factional Marian government, 83-82 BC: Enters war with the followers of Gaius Marius the Younger and Cinna, 82 BC: Obtains victory at the battle of the Colline Gate, 80 BC: Holds the consulship for the second time. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. A list of useful online sources for reading about Rome at the time of Sulla Bill Thayer's LacusCurtius - Includes maps of the Roman world, texts of several primary sources, and William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. [63] All of these victories would have been won before the consular elections in October 89.