The Cold War (1945-1963): Key Terms | SparkNotes [83] The Homing Overlay Experiment (HOE) was the first hit-to-kill system tested by the US Army, and also the first successful hit-to-kill intercept of a mock ballistic missile warhead outside the Earth's atmosphere.[49]. It would blow us away, said Hill. Research out of hypervelocity railgun technology was done to build an information base about railguns so that SDI planners would know how to apply the technology to the proposed defense system. Vietnam War Some analysts might well see Russia's development programme as a long-term strategy to cope with Washington's abiding interest in anti-missile defences. Ashton Carter, then a board member at MIT, assessed SDI for Congress in 1984, saying there were a number of difficulties in creating an adequate missile defense shield, with or without lasers. Ritter is of course heavily censored on mainstream platforms and is widely condemned by officials in the US government, including those in the State Dept. According to George Shultz, the Secretary of State during Reagans presidency, the meeting with Teller was the first gleam in Ronald Reagans eye of what later became the Strategic Defense Initiative (Shultz 261). The Peacekeeper program began in 1971 as the missile experimental (MX) system as a way to increase the U.S. counterstrike capabilities against the Soviet Union, which at the time was focusing on constructing hardened shelters and missile defense systems. Tiananmen Square is a large public square in Beijing, the capital city of China. Nuclear sharing is the Cold War practice of sharing American nuclear weapons with its NATO partners. The Sino-Soviet split was a breakdown in relations between China and the Soviet Union during the mid to late 1960s. The U-2 was an American spy plane used widely during the Cold War. It . The South-East Asia Treaty Organisation or SEATO was an alliance of eight Asia-Pacific countries, formed in 1955. The reason for so many programs was the rapidly changing strategic threat; the Soviets claimed to be producing missiles "like sausages", and ever-more missiles would be needed to defend against this growing fleet. A secret police is a state-run police force that investigates, spies on, identifies and eliminates potential opponents. A proxy war is a conflict where larger nations support and supply smaller nations involved in a war or civil war, without becoming directly involved. We were afraid that the industrialists in our military-industrial complex would say, Great, we should do the same thing (Rhodes 202). A Soviet military A-35 anti-ballistic missile system was deployed around Moscow to intercept enemy ballistic missiles targeting the city or its surrounding areas. The INF treaty eliminated all nuclear and conventional missiles, as well as their launchers, with ranges of 310 to 620 miles, considered short-range, and 620 to 3,420 miles, or intermediate-range.. Another criticism of SDI was that it would require the United States to modify previously ratified treaties. Self-determination is a political principle which argues that populations should have the right to decide their own political system and government. Perestroika involved some liberal reforms and a relaxation of centralised controls over the economy. self-determination Among other controversies, SDI threatened to undermine the American and Soviet deterrence policy of mutually assured destruction (MAD). Although he was influenced by scientists such as Teller, the Strategic Defense Initiative was ultimately Reagans personal vision because it was based on technology that had not yet been invented. Options included both space-based and ground-based lasers, as well as a wide variety of missiles and tracking systems. Sagdeev later acknowledged, If Americans oversold [SDI], we Russians overbought it.. These test conditions were used to simulate the loads a booster would be under during launch. The Securitate was the secret police force of socialist Romania for much of the Cold War. Tsar Bombawas a thermonuclear weapon constructed by the Soviet Union. The KKV was equipped with an infrared seeker, guidance electronics and a propulsion system. During the mid-to-late 1980s a number of panel discussions on lasers and SDI took place at various laser conferences. Orthodox Trotskyism/orthodox one world democratic communism can defeat bullshit.<br><br>It's all bullshit.<br><br>A life of evil will treat you like Hamlet or the half Native Indian-white boy from that movie with Leonardo DiCaprio, The Revenant.<br><br>Hamlet was suffering because of his uncle. Between 1971 and 1974, all Lafayette, Madison, and. This raised significant issues about economic and technical costs associated with defending against anti-ballistic missile defense countermeasures used by the attacking side. 110113, The Star Wars Enigma: Behind the Scenes of the Cold War Race for Missile Defense By Nigel Hey. Cold War leaders who utilised Stalinist methods included Kim Il-sung (North Korea), Nicolae Ceausescu (Romania) and Enver Hoxha (Albania). First formulated by State Department analyst George Kennan during the Truman administration, it suggested that the United States needed to fight Communism abroad and promote democracy (or at least anti-Communist regimes) worldwide. photo: Creative Commons / Dipartimento Protezione Civile Once dismissed by cynics as a "conspiracy theory the New World Order is rapidly becoming a reality. "United States General Accounting Office, Ballistic Missile Defense: "SDI: Technology, Survivability, and Software", "BEAR (Beam Experiments Aboard a Rocket) Project. The nuclear football is a briefcase carried by a military attache to the US president. Cold War | Summary, Causes, History, Years, Timeline, & Facts Ostpolitik was a Dtente era policy adopted by West Germany and its leader, Willy Brandt. In addition, SDI envisioned many space-based systems in fixed orbits, ground-based sensors, command, control and communications facilities, etc. [19] The program is currently managed by the Space Development Agency (SDA) as part of the new National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA) envisioned by Michael D. Red Scare: Cold War, McCarthyism & Facts - HISTORY In an interview only a few days after the announcement, Reagan insisted that SDI was not part of a new arms race but instead a path to ridding the world of nuclear weapons altogether. The objective of Project A119 was to detonate a large nuclear weapon on the Moon that would be visible to the naked eye. nuclear winter The project was abandoned in 1959. proxy war It was meant to develop a space-based anti-missile system. Beginning in late 1986, Abrahamson proposed that SDI would be based on the system he had previously dismissed, a version of High Frontier now renamed the "Strategic Defense System, Phase I Architecture". URL: https://alphahistory.com/coldwar/cold-war-glossary-m-z/ Scroll down to learn more. Perestroika is a Russian word meaning restructuring. The 20 Most Powerful Missiles in the World - Money Inc For example, if it had been much cheaper to add attacking warheads than to add defenses, an attacker of similar economic power could have simply outproduced the defender. Reagan Doctrine On June 28, 1985, David Lorge Parnas resigned from SDIO's Panel on Computing in Support of Battle Management, arguing in eight short papers that the software required by the Strategic Defense Initiative could never be made to be trustworthy and that such a system would inevitably be unreliable and constitute a menace to humanity in its own right. The Cold War Timeline - History and particularly London. StB was an abbreviation for Statni Bezpecnost, a plain-clothed secret police agency in communist Czechoslovakia. Below is a list of missiles, sorted alphabetically by name. Anti-ballistic missile - Wikipedia The project was conceived in November 1986 by Lowell Wood at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. NORAD (or North American Aerospace Defence Command) The Soviet predisposition to see deception behind the SDI was reinforced by their assessment of US intentions and capabilities and the utility of military deception in furthering the achievement of political goals. Politburo The era began shortly after World War II in the mid-to-late 1940s and lasted until the Soviet Union was dissolved in the early '90s. However, on March 26, 1983,[57] the first test, known as the Cabra event, was performed in an underground shaft and resulted in marginally positive readings that could be dismissed as being caused by a faulty detector. Sovietisation is a term for the process by which communist governments were installed in eastern European nations after World War II (1945-50). Truman pledged to support friendly nations in their struggle to resist communism. Over the next two years, a variety of studies suggested that this approach would be cheaper, easier to launch and more resistant to counterattack, and in 1990 Brilliant Pebbles was selected as the baseline model for the SDS Phase 1. In the end, Polyus failed to reach orbit and quickly broke apart. [62] During a simulation, the laser successfully destroyed a Titan missile booster in 1985, however the test setup had the booster shell pressurized and under considerable compression loads. The UN has many roles, including investigating international problems and forming resolutions to avoid conflict. National Museum of Nuclear Science & History. A sphere of influence is a region or group of nations controlled or influenced by another powerful nation. Orthodox historians argue that the Cold War was started by Joseph Stalins violation of post-war agreements and the expansionist nature of Soviet communism. Socialist systems involve, among other things, government control of the economy and prohibitions of private ownership of capital. The Harpoon (RGM-84/UGM-84/AGM-84) is a U.S.-designed subsonic antiship cruise missile that has been in service since 1977. During the 1980s, President Ronald Reagan initiated the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), an anti-ballistic missile program that was designed to shoot down nuclear missiles in space. In 2001, President George W. Bush announced his administrations plan to withdraw from the ABM Treaty within six months. In development since the 1960s and in operation from 1971[30] until the 1990s, it featured the nuclear-tipped A350 exoatmospheric interceptor missile. StB During the Reykjavik talks with Mikhail Gorbachev in 1986, Ronald Reagan addressed Gorbachev's concerns about imbalance by stating that SDI technology could be provided to the entire world including the Soviet Union to prevent the imbalance from occurring. One of the core ideas behind the GPALS system was that the Soviet Union would not always be assumed as the aggressor and the United States would not always be assumed as the target.[46]. No theatrical effects were used. Early prototypes were essentially single-use weapons, requiring complete replacement of the rails after each firing. Technical criticism[58] based upon unclassified calculations suggested that the X-ray laser would be of at best marginal use for missile defense. ERIC ZUESSEThe world that Truman started on that day in 1945 has shaped the world that we all live in today. In most cases, local communist, socialist and left-wing groups were merged into larger parties. This act required communist organisations to register with the government, while government agencies were given power to investigate subversive activities. It was able to fly at high altitude, avoiding enemy radar detection and surface-to-air missile systems. Copyright 2022 by the Atomic Heritage Foundation. Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Lawrence Eagleburger likewise critiqued, The president seems to be proposing an updated version of the Maginot Line [the interwar defensive fortifications on the Franco-German border which gave France a false sense of security] (252). What had really changed was that Teller was now selling his latest nuclear weapon, the X-ray laser. THE SECOND Cold War is a rematch among the same teams that opposed each other for most of the First Cold War. Although the Soviet military budget remained a closely guarded secret, some American estimates concluded that it accounted for 15-17% of the Soviet Unions annual GDP. The U.S. and the Soviets were deep in the Cold War, and Reagan felt that the SDI would provide protection against a Soviet missile attack by intercepting missiles while they were still in the air, according to Atomic Archive. Nuclear weapons were developed in 1944-45 and first used in two attacks on Japan (August 1945). The model and the laser were realized by Marc Palumbo, a High Tech Romantic artist from the Center for Advanced Visual Studies at MIT. Olympic boycott Causes of the Cold War. Its effectiveness was neutralised by US and Soviet hegemony during the Cold War. The capture of an American U-2 by the Soviets in 1960 caused an international incident. It would cost much less for the US to build another Excalibur than the Soviets would need to build enough new ICBMs to counter it. NORAD was commissioned in 1956 and began operations in 1958. The Cold War and Missile Defense | SpringerLink 2. Orthodox historians New York, NY: Doubleday, 1995. His policy of containment is known as the Truman Doctrine. strategic nuclear weapon The first Red Scare followed the Russian Revolution (1918-19), the second emerged in the post-war and McCarthyist eras (from the late 1940s to the early 1950s).